江汉平原稻田田面水氮磷变化特征研究

在江汉平原地区,因水肥管理粗放,特别是人为排放刚施肥泡田水,水稻种植引发的氮磷面源污染问题比较严重,迫切需要掌握稻田氮、磷动态特征,并据此进行科学的肥水管理。采用大田试验的方法,设置不同氮磷梯度,研究了江汉平原稻田田面水氮磷形态与浓度动态变化特征及施肥的影响。结果表明:施尿素后,田面水可溶性总氮(DTN)、可溶性有机氮(DON)和铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)占总氮(TN)的比例分别在88.0%、44.7%和31.6%以上,且随施氮量增加而增大;施磷肥后,田面水中颗粒态磷(PP)占总磷(TP)的比例为76%～93%,且随施磷量的增加而降低。田面水中氮素浓度与施氮量之间呈分段线性相关关系,当施氮量分别超过287.8、289.9、231.5和336.7kg·hm-2后,TN、DTN、NH_4~+-N和DON的浓度会跃增;田面水中各形态磷素浓度均随施磷量的增加而线性增加。施氮肥后,田面水中TN和DTN浓度均在施肥后1 d达到峰值,在基肥和分蘖肥后5 d、穗肥后2 d降低至与不施氮肥基本接近;NH_4~+-N浓度在基肥和分蘖肥后2d、穗肥后1d达到峰值,基肥和分蘖肥后5 d、穗肥后2 d后降低至与不施氮肥趋同。施磷肥后TP、PP和可溶性总磷(DTP)的浓度均在施肥后1 d达到峰值,3 d后急剧降低,降幅均在79.0%以上。可见,在江汉平原地区,施尿素后田面水中氮素以DTN为主,尤其是DON和NH_4~+-N,施磷肥后以PP为主。减少氮、磷肥用量可降低稻田氮、磷损失,且氮肥施用量应尽可能控制在231.5 kg·hm-2以内。施基肥和分蘖肥后5 d内、施穗肥后2 d内是江汉平原稻田氮素损失的关键控制期,施磷肥后3 d内是磷素流失的关键控制期。     

中国北方麦区冬小麦物候期对气候变化的响应

为评价中国北方主要冬麦区小麦关键物候时间变化和主要影响气象因子的区域差异,基于1992-2013年间57个站点资料,在分析黄淮海平原、黄土高原和西北内陆冬小麦返青和成熟期时空变化的基础上,探讨影响北方麦区冬小麦关键生育时期的主要气象因子。结果表明,1992-2013年,北方冬小麦整体呈现返青期延后,成熟期提前,但总体趋势不明显,且存在区域差异;生育时期变化幅度随经度增加而增大。月平均温度和月最低温度分别是影响黄淮海平原冬小麦返青期和成熟期的主要气象要素,而黄土高原冬小麦生育时期主要受月平均温度变化的影响,但在西北内陆,返青期与月最低温度的负相关性最显著,而成熟期则主要受月平均温度变化的影响。月日照时长、月温差和月降水对小麦生育时期的影响在黄淮海平原/黄土高原和西北内陆相反。在黄淮海平原和黄土高原,月日照时长和月温差变化与小麦生育时期呈正相关,月降水与冬小麦生育时期呈负相关,但在西北内陆,月日照时长和月温差与小麦生育时期总体上呈负相关,月降水增加对西北内陆冬小麦生长有利,可延缓因干旱导致的物候提前。     

Phosphorus status,use and recycling in a Chinese peri-urban region with intensive animal husbandry and cropping systems Results from case study in a Sino-German applied research collaboration project

The Sino-German research collaboration project, “Recycling of organic residues from agricultural and municipal origin in China” (2008–2012), comprising different interdisciplinary research groups, and also German small and medium-sized enterprises, aimed at developing integrated strategies and solutions for the recycling of organic residues in China. In an intensive crop-livestock agricultural region in the Shunyi District of Beijing, five typical cropping systems were investigated. The research was conducted in the form of analyses of phosphorus (P) in soil, plants, animal feed, animal products, manures, mineral and organic fertilizers and the derivation of the corresponding nutrient balances and P flows. The mean annual P balance surplus was 492 kg·ha⁻¹·yr⁻¹ P for the vegetable production system, significantly higher (P<0.05) than that for orchards (130 kg·ha⁻¹·yr⁻¹P) and cereal crops (83 kg·ha⁻¹·yr⁻¹ P). Plant-available P (Olsen-P) concentrations of topsoils (0–20 cm) had good correlations with the amounts of P applied (from mineral and organic sources). Compared to results from the Second Chinese National Soil Survey of 1981, mean concentrations of available P in soils of 19 plots investigated in Shunyi District increased 10-fold (from 7.3 to 60 mg·kg⁻¹) from 1981 to 2009. On average, the critical limit for Olsen-P concentrations (>30 mg·kg⁻¹) that can lead to increased risk of P loss was exceeded in all five cropping systems. With feed additives, the “natural background value” (Chinese Environmental Quality Standard for Soils) of copper and zinc in topsoils was exceeded at several sites. Screening for several substances in the veterinary antibiotic classes of sulfonamides, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones revealed widespread topsoil contamination. Calculated livestock densities were 10.6 livestock units per ha arable land in 2007. Animal husbandry is increasingly conducted in large operations, making traditional ways of reuse difficult to apply. Comparing three management systems for treatment of organic residues from a pig farm via aerobic (composting) or anaerobic (biogas) treatment in a life cycle assessment, the resulting cropland demand for a sustainable land application of biogas effluent varied between 139 and 288 ha·yr⁻¹, well above the cropland area owned by the farm (10 ha). The mismatch problems in the above context between business-as-usual and improving performance are framed and discussed as (1) the mismatch between centralized animal husbandry and smallholder farming, (2) the mismatch between livestock density and cropland, (3) nutrient (including P) recycling and increasing organic matter content versus energy production, (4) subsidies for compost production and biogas, as well as (5) advances in the regulatory framework in China.     

淮北地区机械化种植方式对不同生育类型优质食味粳稻产量及品质的影响

为探明淮北地区不同机械化种植方式对优质食味粳稻产量及品质的影响, 以中熟中粳品种南粳2728和南粳505, 迟熟中粳品种南粳9108和南粳3818为材料, 研究毯苗机插和机械直播两种种植方式对水稻产量及其构成因素、茎蘖动态、叶面积指数、干物质积累及比例、加工品质、外观品质、蒸煮食味品质、营养品质和RVA谱特征值的影响。结果表明, 相同品种, 与机械直播比, 毯苗机插产量显著提高, 因为毯苗机插条件下群体结构合理, 穗数适宜, 茎蘖成穗率高, 中后期叶面积指数大, 叶面积衰减率低, 从而其抽穗后干物质积累量和比例高。毯苗机插种植方式下的糙米率、精米率和整精米率分别增加2.3%~3.1%、1.2%~2.7%和1.8%~3.2%, 但垩白有所增加。同时营养和蒸煮食味品质中的蛋白质含量提高而直链淀粉含量降低, 胶稠度变长, 增加了淀粉RVA谱特征值中峰值黏度、热浆黏度、崩解值, 减小消减值, 除南粳2728外, 最终黏度也均提高。相同种植方式下, 与迟熟中粳比, 中熟中粳产量极显著提高, 是因为其抽穗期和成熟期提前, 灌浆结实期日均温度、抽穗后30 d日均温度平均分别提高1.07°C和1.18°C, 所以其各生育期叶面积指数高, 结实期叶面积衰减率低, 抽穗至成熟期干物质积累量和比例高。中熟中粳精米率和整精米率显著提高, 垩白有所提高, 蛋白质含量提高, 直链淀粉含量降低1.5%~5.1%, 胶稠度变长7.0~16.7 mm, 峰值黏度和崩解值提高, 最终黏度和消减值降低。因此, 淮北地区选择中熟中粳优质食味粳稻品种并配套毯苗机插方式是实现粳稻优质、高产和温光资源高效利用最佳生产模式。     

三江平原典型草甸小叶章湿地土壤水分扩散率研究

运用水平土柱入渗法模拟研究了三江平原典型草甸小叶章湿地土壤的水分扩散过程以及水分扩散率与土壤含水量之间的关系。结果表明:草甸沼泽土各土层的含水量与Boltzmann常数分别符合不同的关系曲线,且差异主要与粘粒含量和基质势有关;各土层的Bo-ltzmann常数自表层向下依次降低,且差异达到极显著水平(p<0.01);草甸沼泽土各土层的水分扩散率存在较大差异,0-20cm土层最高,30-40cm土层最低;草甸沼泽土与盐碱化沼泽土、人工湿地水稻土的水分扩散率存在显著差异,原因与不同类型土壤各土层的理化性质及理化过程有关;草甸沼泽土各土层的水分扩散率随土壤含水量的增加均呈指数增长曲线变化,且表层土壤的增长曲线相对较陡。     

松嫩平原土地利用变化的聚类分析

在松嫩平原1989年和2004年土地利用TM卫星影像遥感解译的基础上,对该区土地利用变化进行数量变化和转移矩阵分析,揭示松嫩平原土地利用变化的主要特点.应用数据统计软件SPSS,对全区21市县土地利用变化进行聚类分析,将全区分为8个分区:综合治理区、草原保护区、沙碱并治区、退耕还草区、湿地保护区、水田发展区、环境待改善区和环境较好区.根据8个分区的特点,因地制宜,提出合理的对策和建议,供相关部门参考.     

关中平原近200年来洪涝灾害研究

在对关中平原近200年来历史资料的搜集、统计和分析的基础上,研究了该时期关中平原洪涝灾害的等级序列、年际变化、季节变化、空间变化及灾害成因。结果表明:关中平原这一时期共发生洪涝灾害81次,平均每2.53年发生1次,从民国中期开始该地区洪涝灾害发生频率有明显增加的趋势。该地区洪涝灾害以第二级(中度偏涝)为主,共发生47次,占洪涝灾害总数的58%;第三级(大涝)共发生24次,占洪涝灾害总数的29.6%;第一级(轻度偏涝)和第四级(特大涝)分别发生7次和3次,各占洪涝灾害总数的8.6%和3.8%。关中平原近200年来洪涝灾害的发生具有明显的时间和空间差异。洪涝灾害主要集中于渭河中下游的西安、蓝田、周至、渭南、华县、大荔、华阴以及洛河下游的铜川、千河下游的宝鸡等县市。关中平原近200年来洪涝灾害的发生具有明显的季节差异,多集中在夏秋季的7~9月。此外,关中平原地势平坦、土质疏松、地表植被较稀少,所以同样的降水量在该平原较易造成洪涝灾害的发生。     

淮北地区晚播小麦产量构成分析及抗晚播品种筛选研究

为筛选适合安徽淮北地区种植的晚播小麦品种,以20份淮北地区主栽小麦品种为材料,研究了晚播(11月14日)条件下小麦品种的产量构成,并分析了不同小麦品种的抗晚播能力特性。结果表明,晚播小麦品种的产量变幅为462.62~540.85 kg/667 m₂,产量构成间的变异表现为穗粒数>穗数>千粒重;在晚播小麦品种的产量构成中,穗数和穗粒数与产量呈正相关,其中穗粒数与产量间的相关极显著(r=0.578),千粒重与产量间呈负相关,但未达显著水平;多元回归分析表明,单位面积穗数、穗粒数和千粒重对单位面积产量的形成具有真实的回归关系,所构建的回归方程为Y=71.964 3.483X₁ 5.327X₂ 2.533X₃;聚类分析表明,20个主栽品种在遗传距离为1.206处被划分为4类,同时根据聚类结果,筛选了一批抗晚播能力较强的品种,如皖科06290、许科1号、宿553和周麦27等,这些品种可作为安徽淮北地区晚播条件下种植的理想品种。     

A simulation of winter wheat crop responses to irrigation management using CERES-Wheat model in the North China Plain

To improve efficiency in the use of water resources in water-limited environments such as the North China Plain(NCP), where winter wheat is a major and groundwater-consuming crop, the application of water-saving irrigation strategies must be considered as a method for the sustainable development of water resources. The initial objective of this study was to evaluate and validate the ability of the CERES-Wheat model simulation to predict the winter wheat grain yield, biomass yield and water use efficiency(WUE) responses to different irrigation management methods in the NCP. The results from evaluation and validation analyses were compared to observed data from 8 field experiments, and the results indicated that the model can accurately predict these parameters. The modified CERES-Wheat model was then used to simulate the development and growth of winter wheat under different irrigation treatments ranging from rainfed to four irrigation applications(full irrigation) using historical weather data from crop seasons over 33 years(1981–2014). The data were classified into three types according to seasonal precipitation: 100 mm, 100–140 mm, and 140 mm. Our results showed that the grain and biomass yield, harvest index(HI) and WUE responses to irrigation management were influenced by precipitation among years, whereby yield increased with higher precipitation. Scenario simulation analysis also showed that two irrigation applications of 75 mm each at the jointing stage and anthesis stage(T3) resulted in the highest grain yield and WUE among the irrigation treatments. Meanwhile, productivity in this treatment remained stable through different precipitation levels among years. One irrigation at the jointing stage(T1) improved grain yield compared to the rainfed treatment and resulted in yield values near those of T3, especially when precipitation was higher. These results indicate that T3 is the most suitable irrigation strategy under variable precipitation regimes for stable yield of winter wheat with maximum water savings in the NCP. The application of one irrigation at the jointing stage may also serve as an alternative irrigation strategy for further reducing irrigation for sustainable water resources management in this area.     

咸水灌溉棉田休耕期土壤胞外酶活性和微生物多样性研究

为探究淡水资源短缺不断加剧背景下,咸水灌溉对农田土壤胞外酶活性和微生物群落多样性的影响,以河北低平原区不同矿化度咸水灌溉棉田为研究对象,利用荧光底物-微平板法和Biolog ECO微平板法,探究了咸水灌溉棉田休耕期土壤微生物多样性特征和胞外酶活性状况。结果表明:不同矿化度咸水灌溉对多数土壤胞外酶活性和土壤微生物群落均产生了显著的影响。随着灌溉水矿化度的增加,α葡萄糖苷酶活性、纤维素二糖酶活性、磷酸酶活性及β木糖苷酶活性均呈显著下降的趋势,而N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶活性却呈现增加的趋势,β葡萄糖苷酶活性则基本不受影响。咸水灌溉改变了土壤微生物对碳源的利用能力,当灌溉水矿化度较低时,土壤盐分对微生物活性具有一定的刺激作用,能够增加微生物对不同碳源的代谢能力;但当灌溉水的矿化度大于6 g·L-1时,土壤盐分对微生物活性具有较强的抑制作用。研究表明,棉花生长季实施的咸水灌溉对休耕期土壤微生物特征以及胞外酶活性产生较大影响,休耕期土壤胞外酶活性和微生物多样性研究对于咸水灌溉土壤健康状况全面精准评价不容缺失。